New Zealand has enacted the Outer Space High Altitude Activities Amendment Bill, effective July 29, 2025, to enhance oversight of ground-based space infrastructure amid national security concerns. The legislation mandates that operators of satellite tracking stations and telemetry systems implement robust security measures and due diligence processes. Space Minister Judith Collins emphasized that while New Zealand’s strategic location bolsters its role in global space operations, unregulated infrastructure poses security risks. The move responds to intelligence warnings about foreign entities attempting to establish facilities in the country to support foreign military activities. Although specific nations were not named, China was identified as a complex intelligence concern, alongside other states engaging in potentially harmful activities. As a member of the “Five Eyes” alliance, New Zealand aims to safeguard its strategic interests through these regulatory measures.
The legislation, which will be implemented in two stages, requires operators to register their ground-based space infrastructure and adhere to protective security and due diligence systems. Non-compliance may result in penalties, including equipment seizure, fines up to $250,000 for entities, and imprisonment for individuals. The regulations specifically target activities such as telemetry, tracking and control of spacecraft, space surveillance, and satellite data reception, while excluding consumer products like satellite phones and television dishes.
This regulatory framework follows concerns raised by New Zealand’s intelligence service in September 2024, which reported that foreign entities had attempted to establish space infrastructure that could assist foreign military activities detrimental to New Zealand’s interests. The new regime aims to deter foreign interference and protect national security by ensuring that ground-based space infrastructure aligns with New Zealand’s values and interests.
New Zealand’s favorable geographic location and clear skies make it an attractive site for satellite operations, with organizations like the European Space Agency utilizing facilities in the country. However, the government’s move to regulate ground-based space infrastructure underscores the need to balance international collaboration with national security considerations. By implementing these measures, New Zealand seeks to maintain its strategic position in global space activities while safeguarding its sovereignty and security interests.
The introduction of this new regime serves as a deterrent, signaling New Zealand’s commitment to national security and its readiness to act against potential threats. The legislation reflects a broader trend among nations to reassess and strengthen regulations governing space infrastructure to prevent foreign interference and protect national interests. As space activities continue to expand, such measures are crucial in ensuring that countries can participate in global space operations without compromising their security and sovereignty.
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